Did the utilization of tar aid Vikings practice waterproof ships as well as hence move long distances as well as conquer faraway lands? The technology for the volume production of tar had non been supported past times difficult evidence, until recently, when excavations inwards Sweden revealed large tar-producing structures which were clearly non meant for domestic use. H5N1 novel report has presented a theory connecting tar volume production alongside the success of Viking campaigns.
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| Tenth-century tar pit from the Gnezdovo site, Smolensk portion [Credit:; A.A. Fetisov, State Museum of Oriental Art/Antiquity] |
The uncovering was made past times Andreas Hennius, of Uppsala University, as well as was published inwards Antiquity. Excavations inwards Eastern Sweden convey revealed funnel-shaped pits, which convey been identified every bit structures for producing tar. In the eighth century AD, tar production increased into large-scale as well as was relocated to outland forests.
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| Schematic department of a tar kiln alongside a tar outlet pipage inwards the bottom, used inwards Scandinavia in historical times (letters I as well as J are non used) [Credit: Bergström 1941: purpose II, p. 57/Antiquity] |
Since tar was made inwards pits filled alongside pino wood, covered alongside turf as well as assault fire, the forests provided the raw textile needed. They would attain upwards to 300 litres inwards a unmarried production cycle, clear bear witness of mass-production, according to Hennius. Of course, minor domestic tar kilns had been institute inwards Sweden earlier, simply the uncovering of the larger tar pits is bear witness of a large-scale production.
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| Funnel-shaped characteristic used for tar production inwards the Roman Iron Age as well as a schematic reconstruction drawing [Credit: Kurzweil & Todtenhaupt 1998/Antiquity] |
The exploitation of tar pits inwards Scandinavia seems to convey increased dramatically at the same fourth dimension when Vikings started raiding other parts of Europe as well as maritime activities led to higher demand for the substance. Intensive tar manufacturing besides indicates that novel structures were created for the production, labour, woods management as well as transportation of the substance, affecting Scandinavian monastic say as well as its structure.
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| Summarised calibration diagram from 38 tar-production pits excavated at village sites (above), as well as the 7 dated tar-production pits from the forests below [Credi: Reimer et al. 2004; Bronk Ramsey 2009; unpublished compilation past times Svensson-Hennius 2017/Antiquity] |
Source: Archaeology & Arts [November 07, 2018]
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